Comparatively, Hittite laws referred to fugitive outlaws as "wolves". ![]() As was the case in other societies, those young members of the community went through an initiation, perhaps up to a year, during which they lived as a "wolf". Dacians had taken their name from a group of fugitive immigrants arrived from other regions or from their own young outlaws, who acted similarly to the wolves circling villages and living from looting.Dacians draw their name from a god or a legendary ancestor who appeared as a wolf.Dacians might have called themselves "wolves" or "ones the same with wolves", suggesting religious significance.In his book From Zalmoxis to Genghis Khan, Mircea Eliade attempted to give a mythological foundation to an alleged special relation between Dacians and the wolves: ![]() She was depicted as a she-wolf with an escort of wolves. Lithuanian goddess Medeina was described as a single, unwilling to get married, though voluptuous and beautiful huntress. The standard comparative overview of this aspect of Indo-European mythology is McCone (1987) Baltic Īccording to legend, the establishment of the Lithuanian capital Vilnius began when the grand duke Gediminas dreamt of an iron wolf howling near the hill. This is reflected in Iron Age Europe in the Tierkrieger depictions from the Germanic sphere, among others. In Proto-Indo-European mythology, the wolf was presumably associated with the warrior class ( kóryos), who would "transform into wolves" (or dogs) upon their initiation. Indo-European Romulus and Remus nursed by the She-wolf (c. ![]() A proverb about the teips (clans) is "equal and free like wolves". The "lone wolf" symbolizes strength, independence and freedom. According to folklore, the Chechens are "born of a she-wolf", as included in the central line in the national myth. The wolf is a national symbol of Chechnya. ![]() The names of the nation of Georgia derives from Old Persian designation of the Georgians vrkān ( □□□□□) meaning "the land of the wolves", that would eventually transform into gorğān, term that will be finding its way into most European languages as "Georgia". One of the earliest written references to black wolves occurs in the Babylonian epic Gilgamesh, in which the titular character rejects the sexual advances of the goddess Ishtar, reminding her that she had transformed a previous lover, a shepherd, into a wolf, thus turning him into the very animal that his flocks must be protected against. Traditional Tsilhqot'in beliefs have warned that contact with wolves could in some cases possibly cause mental illness and death. Wolves have sometimes been associated with witchcraft in both northern European and some Native American cultures: in Norse folklore, the völva Hyndla and the gýgr Hyrrokin are both portrayed as using wolves as mounts, while in Navajo culture, wolves have sometimes been interpreted as witches in wolf's clothing. The wolf holds great importance in the cultures and religions of many nomadic peoples, such as those of the Eurasian steppe and North American Plains. The modern trope of the Big Bad Wolf arises from European folklore. The wolf is a common motif in the foundational mythologies and cosmologies of peoples throughout Eurasia and North America (corresponding to the historical extent of the habitat of the gray wolf), and also plays a role in ancient European cultures. The Capitoline Wolf with Romulus and Remus
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